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<b>Andersonville, Georgia</b> is a town of Sumter county, in the southwest part of the state, about 60 miles southwest of [[Macon, Georgia]] on the Central of Georgia railway. In [[1910]], the population was 174. |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
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<!-- Basic info ----------------> |
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|official_name = Andersonville, Georgia |
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|other_name = |
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|native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |
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|nickname = |
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|settlement_type = City |
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|motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |
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|image_skyline = 20-03-165-andersonville.jpg |
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|imagesize = |
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|image_caption = Andersonville historical marker |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_seal = |
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|shield_size = |
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|image_blank_emblem = |
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|blank_emblem_type = |
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|blank_emblem_size = |
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|image_map = Sumter_County_Georgia_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Andersonville_Highlighted.svg |
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|mapsize = 250px |
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|map_caption = Location in [[Sumter County, Georgia|Sumter County]] and the state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |
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|image_map1 = |
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|mapsize1 = |
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|map_caption1 = |
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|image_dot_map = |
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|dot_y = |
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|pushpin_map = |
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|pushpin_label_position = |
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|pushpin_map_caption = |
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|pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = United States |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state)|County]] |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Sumter County, Georgia|Sumter]] |
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|subdivision_type3 = |
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|subdivision_name3 = |
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|subdivision_type4 = |
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|subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |
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|government_footnotes = |
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|government_type = |
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|leader_title = |
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|leader_name = |
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|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |
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|leader_title2 = |
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|leader_title3 = |
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|leader_name3 = |
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|leader_title4 = |
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|leader_name4 = |
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|established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
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|established_date = |
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|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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|established_date2 = |
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|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
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|established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|unit_pref = Imperial |
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|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=December 18, 2021}}</ref> |
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|area_total_km2 = 3.59 |
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|area_land_km2 = 3.57 |
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|area_water_km2 = 0.02 |
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|area_total_sq_mi = 1.39 |
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|area_land_sq_mi = 1.38 |
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|area_water_sq_mi = 0.01 |
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|area_water_percent = |
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|area_urban_km2 = |
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|area_urban_sq_mi = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = |
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|area_blank1_title = |
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|area_blank1_km2 = |
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|area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |
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|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] |
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|population_footnotes = |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = 237 |
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|population_density_km2 = 66.33 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = 171.74 |
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|population_metro = |
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|population_density_metro_km2 = |
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|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_urban = |
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|population_density_urban_km2 = |
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|population_density_urban_sq_mi = |
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|population_blank1_title = |
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|population_blank1 = |
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|population_density_blank1_km2 = |
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|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |
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|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]] |
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|utc_offset = -5 |
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|timezone_DST = EDT |
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|utc_offset_DST = -4 |
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|coordinates = {{coord|32|11|49|N|84|8|30|W|region:US-GA|display=inline,title}} |
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|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |
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|elevation_m = 121 |
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|elevation_ft = 397 |
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
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|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] |
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|postal_code = 31711 |
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|area_code = [[Area code 229|229]] |
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|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |
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|blank_info = 13-02256<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website |df=mdy }}</ref> |
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|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |
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|blank1_info = 0354310<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref> |
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|website = {{nowrap|{{URL|andersonvillegeorgia.info}}}} |
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|footnotes = |
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|pop_est_as_of = |
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|pop_est_footnotes = |
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|population_est = |
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}} |
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'''Andersonville''' is a city in [[Sumter County, Georgia|Sumter County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States. As of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], the city had a population of 237. It is located in the southwest part of the state, approximately {{convert|60|mi|km}} southwest of [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]] on the [[Central of Georgia|Central of Georgia railroad]]. During the [[American Civil War]], it was the site of a [[prisoner-of-war camp]], which is now [[Andersonville National Historic Site]]. |
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From November [[1863]] until the end of the [[American Civil War]] it was the seat of a Confederate military prison. A tract of 16½ acres of land near the village was cleared of trees and enclosed with a stockade. Prisoners began to arrive in February [[1864]], before the prison was completed and before adequate supplies had been received, and in May their number amounted to about 12,000. In June the stockade was enlarged so as to include 26½ acres, but the congestion was only temporarily relieved, and in August the number of prisoners exceeded 32,000. No shelter had been provided for the inmates: the first arrivals made rude sheds from the debris of the stockade; the others made tents of blankets and other available pieces of cloth, or dug pits in the ground. Owing to the slender resources of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], the prison was frequently short of food, and even when this was sufficient in quantity it was of a poor quality and poorly prepared on account of the lack of cooking utensils. The water supply, deemed ample when the prison was planned, became polluted under the congested conditions. During the summer of [[1864]] the prisoners suffered greatly from hunger, exposure and disease, and in seven months about a third of them died. In the autumn, after the capture of [[Atlanta, Georgia]], all the prisoners who could be moved were sent to [[Millen, Georgia]] and [[Florence, South Carolina]]. At Millen better arrangements prevailed, and when, after General [[William Sherman]] began his march to the sea, the prisoners were returned to Andersonville, the conditions there were somewhat improved. |
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Andersonville is part of the [[Americus micropolitan area|Americus micropolitan statistical area]]. |
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During the war 49,485 prisoners were received at the Andersonville prison, and of these about 13,000 died. The terrible conditions obtaining there were due to the lack of food supplies in the Confederate States, the incompetence of the prison officials, and the refusal of the Federal authorities in [[1864]] to make exchanges of prisoners, thus filling |
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the stockade with unlooked-for numbers. After the war [[Henry Wirz]], the superintendent, was tried by a court-martial, and on [[November 10]], [[1865]], was hanged, and the revelation of the sufferings of the prisoners was one of the factors that shaped public opinion regarding the South in the Northern states, after the close of the Civil War. The prisoners' burial ground at Andersonville has been made a national cemetery, and |
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contains 13,714 graves of which 921 are marked "unknown." |
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== History == |
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:<i>(from an old encyclopedia)</i> |
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The hamlet of Anderson was named for John Anderson, a director of the South Western Railroad in 1853 when it was extended from Oglethorpe to Americus. It was known as Anderson Station until the US post office was established in November 1855. The government changed the name of the station from "Anderson" to "Andersonville" in order to avoid confusion with the post office in [[Anderson, South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/a.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/a.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins | publisher=Winship Press | author=Krakow, Kenneth K. | year=1975 | location=Macon, GA | pages=5 | isbn=0-915430-00-2}}</ref> |
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[[File:Captain Henry Wirz obelisk (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|upright|Monument in Andersonville dedicated to Henry Wirz]] |
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During the Civil War, the [[Confederate army]] established Camp Sumter at Andersonville to house incoming [[Union Army|Union]] [[prisoners of war]]. The overcrowded [[Andersonville National Historic Site|Andersonville Prison]] was notorious for its bad conditions, and nearly 13,000 prisoners died there.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thoughtco.com/andersonville-prison-2360903 | title = American Civil War: Andersonville Prison | last = Hickman | first = Kennedy | date = May 16, 2016 | website = ThoughtCo.com | access-date = 2017-07-14}}</ref> After the war, [[Henry Wirz]] was convicted for [[war crimes]] related to the command of the camp. His trial was later regarded as unfair by several pro-confederacy groups,<ref name="Moyer Giroud 2022 e043">{{cite web | last=Moyer | first=Justin Wm. | last2=Giroud | first2=Tara E.M. | title=Confederate war criminal buried in D.C. has an unlikely defender: A Swiss descendant | website=Washington Post | date=February 10, 2022 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/02/10/henry-wirz-confederate-switzerland-ancestor/ | access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> and a monument in his honor has been erected in Andersonville by the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]].<ref name="Bailey 2015 s355">{{cite web | last=Bailey | first=Greg | title=Why Does This Georgia Town Honor One of America's Worst War Criminals? | website=The New Republic | date=November 10, 2015 | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/123365/why-does-georgia-town-honor-one-americas-worst-war-criminals | access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Magazine Eschner 2017 e226">{{cite web | last=Eschner | first=Kat | title=How the Trial and Death of Henry Wirz Shaped Post-Civil War America | website=Smithsonian Magazine | date=November 10, 2017 | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-trial-and-death-henry-wirz-shaped-post-civil-war-america-180967139/ | access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> |
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The town also served as a supply depot during the war period. It included a post office, a depot, a blacksmith shop and stable, a couple of general stores, two saloons, a school, a Methodist church, and about a dozen houses. Ben Dykes, who owned the land on which the prison was built, was both depot agent and postmaster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reading 1: Andersonville Prison |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416174656/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm |archive-date=Apr 16, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> |
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Until the establishment of the prison, the area was entirely dependent on agriculture, supported by dark reddish brown sandy loams later mapped as Greenville and Red Bay soil series. After the close of the prison and end of the war, the town continued economically dependent on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of cotton as a commodity crop. |
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It was not until 1968, when the large-scale mining of [[kaolin]], bauxitic kaolin, and [[bauxite]] was begun by Mulcoa, Mullite Company of America, that the town was dramatically altered. This operation exploited {{convert|2000|acre|km2}} of scrub oak wilderness into a massive mining and refining operation. The company now{{When|date=April 2023}} ships more than 2000 tons of refined ore from Andersonville each week. |
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In 1974, long-time mayor Lewis Easterlin and a group of concerned citizens decided to promote tourism in the town, redeveloping Main Street to look much as it did during the American Civil War. The city of Andersonville and the Andersonville National Historic Site, location of the prison camp, are now tourist attractions. |
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== Geography == |
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=== Climate === |
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{{Weather box |
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|location = Andersonville, Georgia |
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|single line = Y |
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|Jan high F = 60 |
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|Feb high F = 62 |
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|Mar high F = 70 |
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|Apr high F = 78 |
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|May high F = 86 |
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|Jun high F = 91 |
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|Jul high F = 92 |
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|Aug high F = 92 |
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|Sep high F = 88 |
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|Oct high F = 79 |
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|Nov high F = 68 |
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|Dec high F = 61 |
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|year high F = |
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|Jan low F = 38 |
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|Feb low F = 40 |
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|Mar low F = 46 |
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|Apr low F = 53 |
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|May low F = 61 |
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|Jun low F = 68 |
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|Jul low F = 71 |
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|Aug low F = 70 |
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|Sep low F = 66 |
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|Oct low F = 55 |
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|Nov low F = 44 |
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|Dec low F = 39 |
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|year low F = |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation inch = 4.3 |
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|Feb precipitation inch = 4.8 |
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|Mar precipitation inch = 5.3 |
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|Apr precipitation inch = 3.9 |
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|May precipitation inch = 3.5 |
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|Jun precipitation inch = 4.3 |
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|Jul precipitation inch = 5.5 |
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|Aug precipitation inch = 4.9 |
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|Sep precipitation inch = 3.4 |
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|Oct precipitation inch = 2.3 |
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|Nov precipitation inch = 2.7 |
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|Dec precipitation inch = 4.0 |
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|year precipitation inch = 48.9 |
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|source 1 = ''Weatherbase''<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=352090&cityname=Andersonville-Georgia-United-States-of-America |title=Andersonville, Georgia Travel Weather Averages |publisher=Weatherbase, Canty and Associates LLC |location=Great Falls, VA, US |work=weatherbase.com |access-date=2016-09-21}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Demographics== |
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{{US Census population |
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|1880= 308 |
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|1900= 245 |
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|1910= 174 |
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|1920= 196 |
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|1930= 231 |
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|1940= 211 |
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|1950= 281 |
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|1960= 263 |
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|1970= 274 |
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|1980= 267 |
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|1990= 277 |
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|2000= 331 |
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|2010= 255 |
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|2020= 237 |
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|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015|df=mdy }}</ref> |
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}} |
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As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 331 people, 124 households, and 86 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|254.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 142 housing units at an average density of {{convert|109.0|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census#2000 census|racial makeup]] of the city was 65.26% White and 34.74% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population. |
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There were 124 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.21. |
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In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males. |
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The median income for a household in the city was $29,107, and the median income for a family was $30,972. Males had a median income of $26,591 versus $20,000 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,168. About 19.8% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 29.3% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over. |
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== References == |
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{{Portal|Georgia (U.S. State)}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.andersonvillegeorgia.info City website] |
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{{Sumter County, Georgia}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)]] |
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[[Category:Cities in Sumter County, Georgia]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:07, 15 February 2024
Andersonville, Georgia | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Andersonville historical marker | |
 Location in Sumter County and the state of Georgia | |
| Coordinates: 32°11′49″N 84°8′30″W / 32.19694°N 84.14167°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Sumter |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1.39 sq mi (3.59 km2) |
| • Land | 1.38 sq mi (3.57 km2) |
| • Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 397 ft (121 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 237 |
| • Density | 171.74/sq mi (66.33/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 31711 |
| Area code | 229 |
| FIPS code | 13-02256[2] |
| GNIS feature ID | 0354310[3] |
| Website | andersonvillegeorgia |
Andersonville is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 237. It is located in the southwest part of the state, approximately 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Macon on the Central of Georgia railroad. During the American Civil War, it was the site of a prisoner-of-war camp, which is now Andersonville National Historic Site.
Andersonville is part of the Americus micropolitan statistical area.
History[edit]
The hamlet of Anderson was named for John Anderson, a director of the South Western Railroad in 1853 when it was extended from Oglethorpe to Americus. It was known as Anderson Station until the US post office was established in November 1855. The government changed the name of the station from "Anderson" to "Andersonville" in order to avoid confusion with the post office in Anderson, South Carolina.[4]
.JPG)
During the Civil War, the Confederate army established Camp Sumter at Andersonville to house incoming Union prisoners of war. The overcrowded Andersonville Prison was notorious for its bad conditions, and nearly 13,000 prisoners died there.[5] After the war, Henry Wirz was convicted for war crimes related to the command of the camp. His trial was later regarded as unfair by several pro-confederacy groups,[6] and a monument in his honor has been erected in Andersonville by the United Daughters of the Confederacy.[7][8]
The town also served as a supply depot during the war period. It included a post office, a depot, a blacksmith shop and stable, a couple of general stores, two saloons, a school, a Methodist church, and about a dozen houses. Ben Dykes, who owned the land on which the prison was built, was both depot agent and postmaster.[9]
Until the establishment of the prison, the area was entirely dependent on agriculture, supported by dark reddish brown sandy loams later mapped as Greenville and Red Bay soil series. After the close of the prison and end of the war, the town continued economically dependent on agriculture, primarily the cultivation of cotton as a commodity crop.
It was not until 1968, when the large-scale mining of kaolin, bauxitic kaolin, and bauxite was begun by Mulcoa, Mullite Company of America, that the town was dramatically altered. This operation exploited 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of scrub oak wilderness into a massive mining and refining operation. The company now[when?] ships more than 2000 tons of refined ore from Andersonville each week.
In 1974, long-time mayor Lewis Easterlin and a group of concerned citizens decided to promote tourism in the town, redeveloping Main Street to look much as it did during the American Civil War. The city of Andersonville and the Andersonville National Historic Site, location of the prison camp, are now tourist attractions.
Geography[edit]
Climate[edit]
| Climate data for Andersonville, Georgia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 60 (16) |
62 (17) |
70 (21) |
78 (26) |
86 (30) |
91 (33) |
92 (33) |
92 (33) |
88 (31) |
79 (26) |
68 (20) |
61 (16) |
77 (25) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 38 (3) |
40 (4) |
46 (8) |
53 (12) |
61 (16) |
68 (20) |
71 (22) |
70 (21) |
66 (19) |
55 (13) |
44 (7) |
39 (4) |
54 (12) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.3 (110) |
4.8 (120) |
5.3 (130) |
3.9 (99) |
3.5 (89) |
4.3 (110) |
5.5 (140) |
4.9 (120) |
3.4 (86) |
2.3 (58) |
2.7 (69) |
4.0 (100) |
48.9 (1,240) |
| Source: Weatherbase[10] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[edit]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 308 | — | |
| 1900 | 245 | — | |
| 1910 | 174 | −29.0% | |
| 1920 | 196 | 12.6% | |
| 1930 | 231 | 17.9% | |
| 1940 | 211 | −8.7% | |
| 1950 | 281 | 33.2% | |
| 1960 | 263 | −6.4% | |
| 1970 | 274 | 4.2% | |
| 1980 | 267 | −2.6% | |
| 1990 | 277 | 3.7% | |
| 2000 | 331 | 19.5% | |
| 2010 | 255 | −23.0% | |
| 2020 | 237 | −7.1% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[11] | |||
As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 331 people, 124 households, and 86 families residing in the city. The population density was 254.1 inhabitants per square mile (98.1/km2). There were 142 housing units at an average density of 109.0 per square mile (42.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 65.26% White and 34.74% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.
There were 124 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,107, and the median income for a family was $30,972. Males had a median income of $26,591 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,168. About 19.8% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.3% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.
References[edit]
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-915430-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
- ^ Hickman, Kennedy (May 16, 2016). "American Civil War: Andersonville Prison". ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
- ^ Moyer, Justin Wm.; Giroud, Tara E.M. (February 10, 2022). "Confederate war criminal buried in D.C. has an unlikely defender: A Swiss descendant". Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Bailey, Greg (November 10, 2015). "Why Does This Georgia Town Honor One of America's Worst War Criminals?". The New Republic. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Eschner, Kat (November 10, 2017). "How the Trial and Death of Henry Wirz Shaped Post-Civil War America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ "Reading 1: Andersonville Prison". National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
- ^ "Andersonville, Georgia Travel Weather Averages". weatherbase.com. Great Falls, VA, US: Weatherbase, Canty and Associates LLC. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Municipalities and communities of Sumter County, Georgia, United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cities |  | |
| Unincorporated communities | ||
| Ghost town | ||