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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[Centuries]]: [[Year in Review 20th Century]] ([[19th century]] - '''[[20th century]]''' - [[21st century]])
{{About year|1980}}
{{Events by month|1980}}
[[File:1980 Events Collage.jpg|300x300px|thumb|Clockwise from top-left: people welcoming six freed hostages back to the United States, as a result of the "[[Canadian Caper]]"; the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] are held in [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]] in what is now [[Russia]]; ''[[Pac-Man]]'' is released in the arcades becoming the highest-earning arcade game of all time; Iraq [[Iraqi invasion of Iran|invades]] Iran initiating the [[Iran-Iraq War]]; students of [[Gwangju]], [[South Korea]] [[Gwangju Uprising|uprise]] in response to the coup d'état of May Seventeenth; [[John Lennon]] is [[Murder of John Lennon|murdered]] by [[Mark David Chapman]] outside his New York City apartment; [[Bologna Centrale railway station]] in [[Bologna]], [[Italy]] [[Bologna massacre|explodes]] killing 85 and injuring 200; [[Mount St. Helens]] [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens|erupts]] killing approximately 57 people.]]
{{Year nav|1980}}
{{C20 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1980}}
{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|align=center|limit=3}}


==Events==
[[Decades]]: [[1930s]] [[1940s]] [[1950s]] [[1960s]] [[1970s]] - '''[[1980s]]''' - [[1990s]] [[2000s]] [[2010s]] [[2020s]] [[2030s]]
===January===
{{Main|January 1980}}
* [[January 4]] – U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] proclaims a [[United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union|grain embargo]] against the [[USSR]] with the support of the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Suspension of United States Exports of High Technology and Grain to the Soviet Union: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, Second Session, to Assess the Effectiveness of Trade Measures ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJKvcktAQHwC&pg=PA30|year=1980|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=30–}}</ref>
* [[January 6]] – [[Global Positioning System]] time [[Epoch (computing)|epoch]] begins at 00:00 UTC.
* [[January 9]] – In [[Saudi Arabia]], 63 [[Islamist]] insurgents are beheaded for their part in the [[Grand Mosque seizure|siege of the Great Mosque]] in [[Mecca]] in November [[1979]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[Anonymous AC00557303]|title=1980: 4; 1980 : An Encyclopedia of the Events of 1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HDc_x0hOEAC|year=1980|publisher=Grolier|isbn=978-0-7172-0211-9|page=343}}</ref>
* [[January 14]] – [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I) party]] leader, [[Indira Gandhi]] returns to power as the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1119.html|title=Assassination in India: A Leader of Will and Force; Indira Gandhi, Born to Politics, Left Her Own Imprint on India|last=Charlton|first=Linda|date=November 1, 1984|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 17, 2017}}</ref>
* [[January 20]] – At least 200 people are killed when the Corralejas Bullring collapses at [[Sincelejo]], Colombia.<ref name=HIS>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bullfight-spectators-die-when-bleachers-collapse |title=Bullfight spectators die when bleachers collapse |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC. |access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>
* [[January 21]] – The [[London Gold Fixing]] hits its highest price ever of $843 per [[troy ounce]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/1333/historical-gold-prices-100-year-chart|title=Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> ($2,249.50 in 2020 when adjusted for inflation).
* [[January 22]] – [[Andrei Sakharov]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] scientist and human rights activist, is arrested in Moscow.<ref>{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs|title=Human Rights in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Its Subcommittee on International Organizations...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xb3VAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84|year=1981|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=84–}}</ref>
* [[January 26]] – [[Israel]] and [[Egypt]] establish diplomatic relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onthisday.com/countries/egypt?p=3|title=Egyptian History (Part 3)|website=OnThisDay.com|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref>
* [[January 27]] – [[Canadian Caper]]: Six United States [[Diplomacy|diplomats]], posing as Canadians, manage to escape from [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], as they board a flight to [[Zürich]], Switzerland, on [[Swissair]].
* [[January 31]] – [[Burning of the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala]]: The Spanish Embassy in [[Guatemala]] is invaded and set on fire, killing 36 people. In the United States, it is dubbed "Spain's own Tehran".<ref name="arias 161">{{cite book|last=Arias|first=Arturo|title=Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=2007|pages=161|isbn=978-0-8166-4849-8}}</ref>


=== February ===
Years: [[1975]] [[1976]] [[1977]] [[1978]] [[1979]] - '''1980''' - [[1981]] [[1982]] [[1983]] [[1984]] [[1985]]
{{Main|February 1980}}
* [[February 2]] – [[Abscam]]: [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] personnel target members of the [[Congress of the United States]] in a sting operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Investigations at a Glance; Origin Disclosure Results Inquiries Under Way|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 10, 1980}}</ref>
* [[February 2]]–[[February 3|3]] – The [[New Mexico State Penitentiary riot]] takes place; 33 inmates are killed and more than 100 inmates injured.
* [[February 4]] – [[Abolhassan Banisadr]] is sworn in as the first [[President of Iran]] after winning the [[1980 Iranian presidential election|January 25 presidential election]].
* [[February 13]] – The [[1980 Winter Olympics]] open in [[Lake Placid, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Placid 1980 Olympic Winter Games |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Lake-Placid-1980-Olympic-Winter-Games |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 15]] – In [[Vanuatu]], followers of [[John Frum]]'s [[cargo cult]] on the island of [[Tanna (island)|Tanna]] declare secession as the nation of [[Tafea]].
* [[February 16]] – A [[Solar eclipse of February 16, 1980|total solar eclipse]] is seen in North Africa and West Asia. It was the 50th solar eclipse of [[Solar Saros 130]].
* [[February 22]] – The US upset the USSR in the Olympics, a hockey game known as the [[Miracle on Ice]]. They then proceeded to defeat Finland to secure the first and only [[Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics|gold medal]] since 1960.
* [[February 23]] – [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] states that [[Iran]]'s parliament will decide the fate of the [[Iran hostage crisis|American embassy hostages]].
* [[February 25]] – A [[coup]] in [[Suriname]] ousts the government of [[Henck Arron]]; leaders [[Dési Bouterse]] and Roy Horb replace it with a National Military Council.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Meel|title=How to Get to Know the Caribbean: A Student's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-kXAAAAYAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Department of Caribbean Studies, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology|isbn=978-90-6718-012-2|page=49}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] – [[19th of April Movement|M-19]] guerrillas begin the [[Dominican embassy siege]] in [[Colombia]], holding 60 people hostage, including 14 [[ambassador]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Patterns of International Terrorism, 1980: A Research Paper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VAGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA16|year=1981|publisher=National Foreign Assessment Center|pages=16}}</ref>


===March===
----
{{Main|March 1980}}
* [[March 1]]
** The [[Commonwealth Trade Union Council]] is established.
** The ''[[Voyager 1]]'' probe confirms the existence of [[Janus (moon)|Janus]], a moon of [[Saturn]].
* [[March 3]] – [[Pierre Trudeau]] returns to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]].
* [[March 4]] – [[Robert Mugabe]] is elected Prime Minister of [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1980: Mugabe to lead independent Zimbabwe |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/4/newsid_2515000/2515145.stm |website=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2021 |date=1980-03-04}}</ref>
* [[March 8]] – The [[Soviet Union]]'s first [[Tbilisi Rock Festival (1980)|rock music festival]] starts.
* [[March 14]] – [[LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007]] crashes during an emergency landing near [[Warsaw]], Poland, killing a 14-man American [[boxing]] team and 73 others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=|title=ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19800314-1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112075535/http://aviation-safety.net:80/database/record.php?id=19800314-1 |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=2020-07-12|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] – Fifty people are killed at the [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]] in Russia, when a [[Vostok-2M]] rocket explodes on its launch pad during a fueling operation.
* [[March 19]]–[[March 20|20]] – The {{MV|Mi Amigo}}, the ship housing [[pirate radio]] station [[Radio Caroline]], sinks off the English coast (the station returns aboard a new ship in [[1983]]).
* [[March 21]] – U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] announces that the United States will boycott the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow because of the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tom Caraccioli|author2=Jerry Caraccioli|title=Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGoNAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=New Chapter Press|isbn=978-0-942257-40-3|page=82}}</ref>
* [[March 26]] – A mine lift cage at the [[Vaal Reefs]] gold mine in South Africa falls {{convert|1.9|km|mi}}, killing 23 workers.<ref name="Association1981">{{cite book|author=Reader's Digest Association|title=Reader's Digest Almanac and Yearbook, 1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyAwAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Reader's Digest Association|isbn=978-0-89577-089-9|page=12}}</ref>
* [[March 27]] – The Norwegian oil platform ''[[Alexander L. Kielland (platform)|Alexander L. Kielland]]'' collapses in the North Sea, killing 123 of its crew of 212.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bignell | first = Victor | title = Understanding systems failures | publisher = Manchester University Press in association with Open University | location = Manchester Dover, N.H | year = 1984 | isbn = 9780719009730 | page=79}}</ref>
* [[March 28]] – The [[Talpiot Tomb]] is discovered by construction workers in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Simcha Jacobovici|author2=Charles R. Pellegrino|title=The Jesus Family Tomb: The Discovery That Changes History Forever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkOwM7S4dEcC&pg=PA4|year=2008|publisher=HarperElement|isbn=978-0-00-724569-7|pages=4}}</ref>


=== April ===
'''Births'''
{{Main|April 1980}}
*[[February 11]] - [[Matthew Lawrence]], actor.
* [[April 1]] – The [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference]] (SADCC) is formed in Lusaka, Zambia.
*[[February 11]] - [[Natasha Bobo]]?, actress.
* [[April 2]] – The [[1980 St. Pauls riot|St Pauls riot]] breaks out in [[Bristol]].
* [[April 7]] – The United States severs diplomatic relations with [[Iran]] and imposes economic sanctions, following the taking of American hostages on November 4, 1979.
* [[April 10]] – In [[Lisbon]], Portugal, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between [[Gibraltar]] and Spain (closed since [[1969]]) in [[1985]].
* [[April 12]]
** [[1980 Liberian coup d'état]]: [[Samuel K. Doe]] overthrows the government of [[Liberia]] in a violent ''[[coup d'état]]'', assassinating President [[William Tolbert]] and 26 other people and ending over 130 years of [[democracy|democratic]] [[presidential succession]] in that country.
** [[Terry Fox]] begins his [[Marathon of Hope]], a plan to run across Canada to raise money for cancer research, setting off from [[St. John's, Newfoundland]] and running westward.
* [[April 14]] – [[Iron Maiden]]'s debut self-titled album ''[[Iron Maiden (album)|Iron Maiden]]'' is released in the U.K.
* [[April 18]] – [[Zimbabwe]] gains [[de jure]] independence from the United Kingdom with [[Robert Mugabe]] as its first Prime Minister.
* [[April 24]]–[[April 25|25]] – [[Operation Eagle Claw]], a commando mission in [[Iran]] to rescue American embassy hostages, is aborted after mechanical problems ground the rescue helicopters. Eight United States troops are killed in a mid-air collision during the failed operation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowden|first=Mark|title=The Desert One Debacle|date=May 2006|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/the-desert-one-debacle/304803/2/|publisher=The Atlantic|access-date=20 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[April 25]] – [[Dan-Air Flight 1008]] crashes in [[Tenerife]], killing all 146 occupants; at the time it was the worst air disaster involving a British-registered aircraft in terms of loss of life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422fc6940f0b61346000943/8-1981_G-BDAN.pdf|title=Report No.8/1981 Report on the accident to Boeing 727, G-BDAN on Tenerife, Canary Islands, 25 April 1980|date=July 1981|publisher=[[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]]|access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref>
* [[April 26]] – [[Louise and Charmian Faulkner disappearance|Louise and Charmian Faulkner]] disappear from outside their flat in [[St Kilda, Victoria]], Australia.
* [[April 27]] – The [[Dominican embassy siege]] in [[Colombia]] ends with all remaining hostages released after the guerrillas are allowed to escape to [[Cuba]].
* [[April 30]]
** [[Iranian Embassy siege]]: Six Iranian-born terrorists take over the Iranian embassy in London, England. [[Special Air Service|SAS]] retakes the Embassy on May 5; one terrorist survives.
** Queen [[Juliana of the Netherlands]] abdicates and her daughter [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Beatrix]] accedes to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who in European Institutions and Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsNgAAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Who's Who, the International Red Series Verlag GmbH|page=44}}</ref>


===May===
{{Main|May 1980}}
* [[May 1]] – "About that Urban Renaissance...", an article by journalist Dan Rottenberg in ''[[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]]'', contains the first recorded use of the word "[[yuppie]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-1980/Yuppie/|title=About That Urban Renaissance…|website=ChicagoMag.com|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] – [[1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum|Referendum on system of government]] held in Nepal.
* [[May 4]] – [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] President [[Josip Broz Tito]] dies. The largest state funeral in history is organized, with state delegations from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.
* [[May 7]] – [[Paul Geidel]], convicted of second-degree murder in [[1911]], is released from prison in [[Beacon, New York]], after 68 years and 245 days (the longest-ever time served by an inmate).
* [[May 8]] – Global eradication of [[smallpox]] certified by the [[World Health Organization]].
* [[May 9]]
** In [[Florida]], United States, the Liberian freighter ''[[Summit Venture]]'' hits the [[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]] over [[Tampa Bay]]. A {{convert|1,400|foot|m|adj=on}} section of the bridge collapses and 35 people (most of them on a bus) are killed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Monthly Catalogue, United States Public Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIMGa9NTCCQC&pg=PA125|year=1982|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=125}}</ref>
** [[James Alexander George Smith McCartney|James Alexander George Smith "Jags" McCartney]] the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]' first [[chief minister]], is killed in a plane crash over [[New Jersey]].
* [[May 14]] – The [[Sumpul River massacre]] occurs in [[Chalatenango, El Salvador]].
* [[May 17]] – [[Internal conflict in Peru]]: On the eve of presidential elections, [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] group [[Shining Path]] attacks a polling location in the town of [[Chuschi]], [[Ayacucho]].
* [[May 18]] – The [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]] volcano in [[Washington (state)]] kills 57 and causes US$3&nbsp;billion in damage.
* [[May 18]]–[[May 27|27]] – [[Gwangju Uprising]]: Students in [[Gwangju]], South Korea, begin demonstrations, calling for democratic reforms.
* [[May 20]] – [[1980 Quebec referendum]]: Voters in [[Quebec]] reject, by a vote of 60%, a proposal to seek independence from Canada.
* [[May 22]] – [[Namco]]'s ''[[Pac-Man]]'', the highest-earning [[arcade game]] of all time, is released in Japan.
* [[May 24]] – The [[International Court of Justice]] calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in [[Tehran]].
* [[May 26]]
** [[John Frum]] supporters in [[Vanuatu]] storm government offices on the island of [[Tanna (island)|Tanna]]. Vanuatu government troops land the next day and drive them away.
* [[May 28]] – A fiery bus crash near the small village of [[Webb, Saskatchewan]], Canada, claims 22 lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetelegram.com/Commuting/2009-04-17/article-1438412/Bus-tragedy-still-painful/1|title=The Telegram|website=www.TheTelegram.com|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175555/http://www.thetelegram.com/Commuting/2009-04-17/article-1438412/Bus-tragedy-still-painful/1|archive-date=September 5, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===June===
'''Deaths'''
{{Main|June 1980}}
*[[April 29]] - [[Alfred Hitchcock]], film director
* [[June 1]] – The first 24-hour news channel, [[CNN|Cable News Network]] (CNN), is launched.
*[[July 24]] - [[Peter Sellers]], actor
* [[June 3]] – [[1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak]]: A series of deadly [[tornado]]es strikes [[Grand Island, Nebraska]], causing over $300m in damage, killing five people and injuring over 250.
*[[December 31]] - [[Marshall McLuhan ]] (author)
* [[June 10]] – [[Apartheid]]: The [[African National Congress]] in South Africa publishes a statement by their imprisoned leader [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/64-90/anvil.html ANC.org.za] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971017203354/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/64-90/anvil.html|date=October 17, 1997}}</ref>
*[[Clement Martyn Doke]] ([[1893]]-[[1980]]) [[South African]] [[linguist]]
* [[June 23]]–[[September 6]] – The [[1980 United States heat wave]] claims 1,700 lives.
*[[John Lennon|John Winston Lennon]] - ([[1940]]-[[1980]])
* [[June 23]]
** [[Sanjay Gandhi]], the politically influential son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, is killed in a plane crash.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sanjay-gandhi-dies-in-a-dramatic-plane-crash-his-passing-to-leave-a-political-vacuum/1/409841.html|title=Sanjay Gandhi dies in a dramatic plane crash, his passing to leave a political vacuum|last=Sethi|first=Sunil|date=January 22, 2014|work=indiatoday|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>
** [[Tim Berners-Lee]] begins work on [[ENQUIRE]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN/CNL/2001/001/www-history/Pr/|title=Cern Authentication|website=ref.web.CERN.ch|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref> the system that will eventually lead to the creation of the [[World Wide Web]] in autumn 1990.
* [[June 25]] – A [[Muslim Brotherhood]] assassination attempt against [[Syria]]n president [[Hafez al-Assad]] fails. Assad retaliates by sending the army against them.
* [[June 27]]
** [[Itavia Flight 870]] crashes into the sea near [[Ustica]] island, Italy, killing all 81 people on board. The cause of the accident remains unclear.
** U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] signs [[Selective Service System|Proclamation 4771]], requiring 18- to 25-year-old males to register for a peacetime [[Conscription in the United States|military draft]], in response to the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]].
* [[June 29]] – [[Vigdís Finnbogadóttir]] is elected [[President of Iceland]], making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state.


===July===
'''Events'''
{{Main|July 1980}}
*[[April 30]] - Accession of [[Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands]]
[[File:Alex palace1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[July 10]]: Fire at [[Alexandra Palace]]]]
* [[Summer Olympic Games]] in [[Moscow]] [[USSR]]
* [[July 8]] – A [[Lublin 1980 strikes|wave of strikes]] begins in [[Lublin]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]].
* War begins between [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]
* [[July 9]] – [[Pope John Paul II]] visits [[Brazil]]; seven people are crushed to death in a crowd waiting to see him at afternoon Mass at the stadium in [[Fortaleza]].
* Invasion of [[Afghanistan]] by [[USSR]]
* [[July 16]] – Former [[California]] Governor and actor [[Ronald Reagan]] is nominated for U.S. president, at the [[1980 Republican National Convention]] in [[Detroit]]. Influenced by the [[Christian right|Religious Right]], the convention also drops its long-standing support for the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], dismaying moderate Republicans.
* [[July 19]] – Former [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Turkish Prime Minister]] [[Nihat Erim]] is killed by two gunmen in Istanbul, [[Turkey]].
* [[July 19]]–[[August 3]] – The [[1980 Summer Olympics]] are held in Moscow, [[Soviet Union]]. As 82 countries boycott the Games, athletes from 16 of them participate under a neutral flag.
* [[July 30]]
** [[Vanuatu]] gains [[History of Vanuatu#Independence|independence]].
** [[Israel]]'s [[Knesset]] passes the [[Jerusalem Law]].


=== August ===
'''Sport'''
{{Main|August 1980}}
*[[January 20]] - [[Super Bowl XIV]] [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] (31) def. [[Los Angeles Rams]] (19)
[[File:Moscow Olympic Games, 1980 (22).jpg|thumb|200px|Moscow Olympic Games on August 2, 1980]]
* [[August 1]] – [[Vigdís Finnbogadóttir]] becomes the 4th [[President of Iceland]], the world's first democratically directly elected female president.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Factbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY7Ig1HyPi4C&pg=RA1-PA219|year=1996|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=219}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] – [[Strage di Bologna]]: A terrorist bombing at the [[Bologna Centrale railway station]] in Italy kills 85 people and wounds more than 200.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Italy: The difficult democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBAMAQAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Electa|page=92| isbn=9788843509157 }}</ref>
* [[August 3]] – The 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow officially [[1980 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|ends]].
* [[August 4]] – [[Hurricane Allen]] (category 5) pounds [[Haiti]], where it kills more than 200 people.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael R. Hall|title=Historical Dictionary of Haiti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RbzX4PjxtgC&pg=PA135|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7810-5|pages=135}}</ref>
* [[August 7]]–[[August 31|31]] – [[Lech Wałęsa]] leads the first of many strikes at the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] in the [[Polish People's Republic]].
* [[August 17]] – In Australia, baby [[Azaria Chamberlain disappearance|Azaria Chamberlain disappears]] from a campsite at Ayers Rock ([[Uluru]]), reportedly taken by a [[dingo]].
* [[August 19]] – In one of aviation's worst disasters, 301 people are killed when [[Saudia Flight 163]] catches fire in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].
* [[August 31]] – Victory of the strike in [[Gdańsk Shipyard]], Poland. The [[Gdańsk Agreement]] is signed, opening a way to start the first free (i.e. not state-controlled) trade union in the [[communist bloc]], "[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]" (''Solidarność'').


===September===
'''[[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]]'''
{{Main|September 1980}}
*[[Nobel Prize/Physics|Physics]] - [[James Watson Cronin]], [[Val Logsdon Fitch]]
* [[September 1]] – [[Terry Fox]] is forced to end his Marathon of Hope run outside of [[Thunder Bay, Ontario]], Canada, after finding out that the cancer has spread to his lungs.
*[[Nobel Prize/Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Paul Berg]], [[Walter Gilbert]], [[Frederick Sanger]]
* [[September 2]] – [[Ford Europe]] launches the [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Escort MK3]], a new front-wheel-drive hatchback.
*[[Nobel Prize/Physiology or medicine|Medicine]] - [[Baruj Benacerraf]], [[Jean Dausset]], [[George D Snell]]
* [[September 3]] – [[Zimbabwe]] breaks diplomatic and consular relations with South Africa, even though it maintains a commercial mission in [[Johannesburg]].
*[[Nobel Prize in literature|Literature]] - [[Czeslaw Milosz]]
* [[September 5]] – The [[Gotthard Road Tunnel]] opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel, at {{convert|16.3|km|mi}}, stretching from [[Göschenen]] to [[Airolo]] beneath the Gotthard Pass.
*[[Nobel Prize/Peace|Peace]]- [[Adolfo perez Esquivel]]
* [[September 12]] – [[Kenan Evren]] stages a [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|military coup in Turkey]]. It stops political gang violence, but begins stronger state violence leading to the execution of many young activists.<ref>{{cite book|title=Air University Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRqc3EicvAC&pg=RA1-PA59|year=1982|publisher=Department of the Air Force|pages=59}}</ref>
*[[Nobel Prize/Economics|Economics]] - [[Lawrence Klein]]
* [[September 17]] – After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in [[Gdańsk]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], the nationwide independent trade union [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] is established.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4XRAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=University of Queensland Press|page=35}}</ref>
* [[September 21]] – [[Bülent Ulusu]], ex admiral, forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats).<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKlmAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=30}}</ref>
* [[September 22]] – The command council of [[Iraq]] orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on [[Iran]]ian military targets", initiating the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bradley N. Fultz|title=Finding a Measured Response to Iran's Activities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nhuvbb8sS4C&pg=PP6|year=2013|publisher=Middle East Studies at the Marine Corps University|pages=6}}</ref>
* [[September 26]]
** [[Oktoberfest bombing]]: 13 people are killed and 211 injured in a right-wing terror attack in [[Munich]] (West Germany).<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Corbett|title=Guerrilla Warfare: From 1939 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4rbAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Orbis|isbn=978-0-85613-469-2|page=206}}</ref>
** The [[Mariel boatlift]] in Cuba officially ends.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eneida B. Guernica|title=The Cuban Children in Exile and Their Families: In and Out of Cuba--|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt26AAAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=IKE Publications|isbn=978-0-9675885-1-3|page=140}}</ref>
* [[September 30]] – [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], [[Intel]] and [[Xerox]] introduce the [[DIX Ethernet|DIX]] standard for [[Ethernet]], which is the first implementation outside of Xerox and the first to support 10&nbsp;Mbit/s speeds.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Breyer|author2=Sean Riley|title=Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBJHAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=MacMillan Technical Pub.|isbn=978-1-57870-073-8|page=559}}</ref>


===October===
{{Main|October 1980}}
* [[October 5]]
** The Elisabeth [[blast furnace]] is demolished at [[Bilston]] Steelworks, marking the end of iron and steel production in the [[Black Country]] region of the U.K.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackcountryhistory.org/collections/getrecord/GB149_P_915/|title=Black Country History|website=BlackCountryHistory.org|access-date=January 8, 2018|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015050/http://blackcountryhistory.org/collections/getrecord/GB149_P_915/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[British Leyland]] launches its new [[Austin Metro|Metro]], a three-door entry-level hatchback which is designed as the eventual replacement for the [[Mini]]. It gives BL a long-awaited modern competitor for the likes of the [[Ford Fiesta]] and [[Vauxhall Chevette]].
* [[October 10]] – The 7.1 {{M|w}} [[1980 El Asnam earthquake|El Asnam earthquake]] shakes northern [[Algeria]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''Extreme''), killing 2,633–5,000 and injuring 8,369–9,000.
* [[October 14]]
** The [[Staggers Rail Act]] is enacted, deregulating American railroads.
** The [[6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea|6th Congress of the Workers' Party]] ends, having anointed North Korean President [[Kim Il Sung]]'s son [[Kim Jong Il]] as his successor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Nam-Sik |date= Spring–Summer 1982 |title=North Korea's Power Structure and Foreign Relations: an Analysis of the Sixth Congress of the KWP* |journal=[[The Journal of East Asian Affairs]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=125–151 |publisher=[[Institute for National Security Strategy]] |jstor=23253510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Chong-sik |date= May 1982 |title= Evolution of the Korean Workers' Party and the Rise of Kim Chŏng-il |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=434–448 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |doi=10.2307/2643871|jstor=2643871 }}</ref>
* [[October 15]] – [[James Callaghan]] announces his resignation as leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].
* [[October 18]] – [[1980 Australian federal election]]: [[Malcolm Fraser]]'s [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]/[[National Party of Australia|National Country]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] [[Fraser government|government]] is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] led by [[Bill Hayden]]. The Government also loses control of the Senate, with the [[Australian Democrats]] winning the balance of power.
* [[October 20]]
** Greece rejoins the [[NATO]] military structure.
** In continuous production since 1962, the last [[MG MGB]] roadster rolls off the assembly line at the [[Abingdon-on-Thames]] (England) factory, ending production for the [[MG Cars]] marque.
* [[October 21]] – In [[Major League Baseball]], The [[Philadelphia Phillies]] of the [[National League (baseball)|National League]] defeat the [[Kansas City Royals]] of the [[American League]], 4–1, in Game Six of the [[World Series]] to win the championship.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Larry Shenk|author2=Larry Andersen|title=Fightin' Phillies: 100 Years of Philadelphia Baseball from the Whiz Kids to the Misfits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgr8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163|date=1 April 2016|publisher=Triumph Books|isbn=978-1-63319-471-7|pages=163}}</ref>
* [[October 25]] – Proceedings on the [[Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction]] conclude at [[The Hague]].
* [[October 27]] – Six [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] prisoners in [[HM Prison Maze|Maze prison]] in Northern Ireland refuse food and demand status as [[political prisoner]]s; the [[hunger strike]] lasts until December.
* [[October 30]] – [[El Salvador]] and [[Honduras]] sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in [[1969]]'s [[Football War]] before the [[International Court of Justice]].
* [[October 31]]
** The [[Polish People's Republic|Polish]] government recognizes [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]].
** [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]], eldest son of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|the Shah]] of [[Iran]], proclaims himself the rightful successor to the [[Peacock Throne]].


=== November ===
{{Main|November 1980}}
* [[November 4]] – [[1980 United States presidential election]]: [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challenger and former Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] of [[California]] defeats incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] President [[Jimmy Carter]] and is elected the 40th President of the United States.
* [[November 10]]–[[November 12|12]] – [[Voyager program]]: The [[NASA]] space probe ''[[Voyager I]]'' makes its closest approach to [[Saturn]], when it flies within {{convert|77,000|mi|km}} of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high-resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth.
* [[November 20]] – The [[Gang of Four]] trial begins in China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alan Lawrance|title=China Under Communism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7mGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-74792-4|pages=104}}</ref>
* [[November 21]]
** A [[MGM Grand fire|fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino]] on the [[Las Vegas Strip]] kills 85 people.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fire and the Environment: Ecological and Cultural Perspectives : Proceedings of an International Symposium, Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20-24, 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwVcDLZM1HkC&pg=PA237|year=1991|publisher=Southeastern Forest Experiment Station|pages=237}}</ref>
** A record number of viewers on this date (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. television show ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'' to learn who shot lead character [[J. R. Ewing]]. The "[[Who shot J.R.?]]" event is an international obsession.
* [[November 23]] – The 6.9 {{M|w}} [[1980 Irpinia earthquake|Irpinia earthquake]] shakes southern Italy with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''Extreme''). Officially, there were 2,483 people killed and 8,934 injured, though the deaths may have been as high as 4,900.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annali di geofisica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZAVAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Istituto nazionale di geofisica|page=61}}</ref>


===December===
{{Main|December 1980}}
[[File:John Lennon portrait.jpg|thumb|200px|[[December 8]]: The former [[Beatles]] member and peace activist [[John Lennon]] is shot dead outside his home in New York.]]
* [[December 2]] – A missionary ([[Jean Donovan]]) and three Roman Catholic nuns ([[Maura Clarke]], [[Ita Ford]], [[Dorothy Kazel]]), all Americans, are murdered by a military [[death squad]] in [[El Salvador]] while doing charity work during that country's [[Salvadoran Civil War|civil war]].<ref>{{cite book|title=American Foreign Policy Current Documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P4GG6IlvwAC&pg=PA1366|year=1982|publisher=Department of State|pages=1366}}</ref>
* [[December 8]] – [[Murder of John Lennon]]: [[Mark David Chapman]] is arrested following the murder of English musician [[John Lennon]], formerly of [[the Beatles]], outside his New York City apartment building, [[The Dakota]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|last1=Wadler|first1=Joyce|last2=Sager|first2=Mike|title='I Just Shot John Lennon', He Said Coolly|date=10 December 1980|access-date=11 April 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/12/10/i-just-shot-john-lennon-he-said-coolly/41d37bda-f5dd-4133-b9eb-4bf40935ae78/}}</ref>
* [[December 14]] – Four people are murdered and four others are injured by two armed robbers at [[Bob's Big Boy]] on [[La Cienega Boulevard]] in Los Angeles, in what is one of the city's most brutal crimes ever.
* [[December 15]] – The [[Academia de la Llingua Asturiana]] (Academy of the [[Asturian language]]) is created.
* [[December 16]] – During a summit on the island of [[Bali]], [[OPEC]] decides to raise the price of [[petroleum]] by 10%.


==World population==
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"|[[World population]]
|-
!
!1980
!colspan="2"|[[1975]]
!colspan="2"|[[1985]]
|-
![[File:Globe.svg|50px]] &nbsp; World
|align="right"|'''4,434,682,000'''
|align="right"|4,068,109,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 366,573,000
|align="right"|4,830,979,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 396,297,000
|-
![[File:Africa satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]] &nbsp; Africa
|align="right"|'''469,618,000'''
|align="right"|408,160,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 61,458,000
|align="right"|541,814,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 72,196,000
|-
![[File:Two-point-equidistant-asia.jpg|50px]] &nbsp;&nbsp; Asia
|align="right"|'''2,632,335,000'''
|align="right"|2,397,512,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 234,823,000
|align="right"|2,887,552,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 255,217,000
|-
![[File:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|50px]] Europe
|align="right"|'''692,431,000'''
|align="right"|675,542,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 16,889,000
|align="right"|706,009,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 13,578,000
|-
![[File:Latin America terrain.jpg|50px]] <span style="display:inline-block; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle">Latin America<br />& Caribbean</span>
|align="right"|'''361,401,000'''
|align="right"|321,906,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 39,495,000
|align="right"|401,469,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 40,068,000
|-
![[File:Oceania (World-Factbook).jpg|50px]] Oceania
|align="right"|'''22,828,000'''
|align="right"|21,564,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,264,000
|align="right"|24,678,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,850,000
|}

== Births and deaths ==
{{Main|Category:1980 births|Deaths in 1980}}

==Nobel Prizes==
[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[James Watson Cronin]], [[Val Logsdon Fitch]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Paul Berg]], [[Walter Gilbert]], [[Frederick Sanger]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Baruj Benacerraf]], [[Jean Dausset]], [[George D. Snell]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Czesław Miłosz]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]]
* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[Lawrence Klein]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|1980s}}

{{Events by month links}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1980}}
[[Category:1980| ]]
[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]

Latest revision as of 16:39, 25 April 2024

This article is about the year 1980. For other uses, see 1980 (disambiguation).
Clockwise from top-left: people welcoming six freed hostages back to the United States, as a result of the "Canadian Caper"; the 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow, Soviet Union in what is now Russia; Pac-Man is released in the arcades becoming the highest-earning arcade game of all time; Iraq invades Iran initiating the Iran-Iraq War; students of Gwangju, South Korea uprise in response to the coup d'état of May Seventeenth; John Lennon is murdered by Mark David Chapman outside his New York City apartment; Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Italy explodes killing 85 and injuring 200; Mount St. Helens erupts killing approximately 57 people.
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1980 by topic
Subject
By country
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1980 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1980
MCMLXXX
Ab urbe condita2733
Armenian calendar1429
ԹՎ ՌՆԻԹ
Assyrian calendar6730
Baháʼí calendar136–137
Balinese saka calendar1901–1902
Bengali calendar1387
Berber calendar2930
British Regnal year28 Eliz. 2 – 29 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar2524
Burmese calendar1342
Byzantine calendar7488–7489
Chinese calendar己未年 (Earth Goat)
4677 or 4470
    — to —
庚申年 (Metal Monkey)
4678 or 4471
Coptic calendar1696–1697
Discordian calendar3146
Ethiopian calendar1972–1973
Hebrew calendar5740–5741
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat2036–2037
 - Shaka Samvat1901–1902
 - Kali Yuga5080–5081
Holocene calendar11980
Igbo calendar980–981
Iranian calendar1358–1359
Islamic calendar1400–1401
Japanese calendarShōwa 55
(昭和５５年)
Javanese calendar1912–1913
Juche calendar69
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4313
Minguo calendarROC 69
民國69年
Nanakshahi calendar512
Thai solar calendar2523
Tibetan calendar阴土羊年
(female Earth-Goat)
2106 or 1725 or 953
    — to —
阳金猴年
(male Iron-Monkey)
2107 or 1726 or 954
Unix time315532800 – 347155199
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980.

1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1980th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 980th year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 1980s decade.

Events[edit]

January[edit]

Main article: January 1980

February[edit]

Main article: February 1980

March[edit]

Main article: March 1980

April[edit]

Main article: April 1980

May[edit]

Main article: May 1980

June[edit]

Main article: June 1980

July[edit]

Main article: July 1980
July 10: Fire at Alexandra Palace

August[edit]

Main article: August 1980
Moscow Olympic Games on August 2, 1980

September[edit]

Main article: September 1980

October[edit]

Main article: October 1980

November[edit]

Main article: November 1980

December[edit]

Main article: December 1980
December 8: The former Beatles member and peace activist John Lennon is shot dead outside his home in New York.

World population[edit]

World population
1980 1975 1985
  World 4,434,682,000 4,068,109,000 366,573,000 4,830,979,000 396,297,000
  Africa 469,618,000 408,160,000 61,458,000 541,814,000 72,196,000
   Asia 2,632,335,000 2,397,512,000 234,823,000 2,887,552,000 255,217,000
Europe 692,431,000 675,542,000 16,889,000 706,009,000 13,578,000
Latin America
& Caribbean 		361,401,000 321,906,000 39,495,000 401,469,000 40,068,000
Oceania 22,828,000 21,564,000 1,264,000 24,678,000 1,850,000

Births and deaths[edit]

Main pages: Category:1980 births and Deaths in 1980

Nobel Prizes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Suspension of United States Exports of High Technology and Grain to the Soviet Union: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, Second Session, to Assess the Effectiveness of Trade Measures ... U.S. Government Printing Office. 1980. pp. 30–.
  2. ^ [Anonymous AC00557303] (1980). 1980: 4; 1980 : An Encyclopedia of the Events of 1979. Grolier. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-7172-0211-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Charlton, Linda (November 1, 1984). "Assassination in India: A Leader of Will and Force; Indira Gandhi, Born to Politics, Left Her Own Imprint on India". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  4. ^ "Bullfight spectators die when bleachers collapse". history.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  5. ^ "Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart". www.macrotrends.net.
  6. ^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1981). Human Rights in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Its Subcommittee on International Organizations... U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 84–.
  7. ^ "Egyptian History (Part 3)". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  8. ^ Arias, Arturo (2007). Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America. University of Minnesota Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8166-4849-8.
  9. ^ "The Investigations at a Glance; Origin Disclosure Results Inquiries Under Way". The New York Times. February 10, 1980.
  10. ^ "Lake Placid 1980 Olympic Winter Games". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  11. ^ Peter Meel (1986). How to Get to Know the Caribbean: A Student's Guide. Department of Caribbean Studies, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. p. 49. ISBN 978-90-6718-012-2.
  12. ^ Patterns of International Terrorism, 1980: A Research Paper. National Foreign Assessment Center. 1981. p. 16.
  13. ^ "1980: Mugabe to lead independent Zimbabwe". BBC News. March 4, 1980. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  14. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on November 12, 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  15. ^ Tom Caraccioli; Jerry Caraccioli (2008). Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. New Chapter Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-942257-40-3.
  16. ^ Reader's Digest Association (1981). Reader's Digest Almanac and Yearbook, 1981. Reader's Digest Association. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-89577-089-9.
  17. ^ Bignell, Victor (1984). Understanding systems failures. Manchester Dover, N.H: Manchester University Press in association with Open University. p. 79. ISBN 9780719009730.
  18. ^ Simcha Jacobovici; Charles R. Pellegrino (2008). The Jesus Family Tomb: The Discovery That Changes History Forever. HarperElement. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-00-724569-7.
  19. ^ Bowden, Mark (May 2006). "The Desert One Debacle". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  20. ^ "Report No.8/1981 Report on the accident to Boeing 727, G-BDAN on Tenerife, Canary Islands, 25 April 1980" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. July 1981. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  21. ^ Who's who in European Institutions and Organizations. Who's Who, the International Red Series Verlag GmbH. 1982. p. 44.
  22. ^ "About That Urban Renaissance…". ChicagoMag.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  23. ^ Monthly Catalogue, United States Public Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. p. 125.
  24. ^ "The Telegram". www.TheTelegram.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  25. ^ ANC.org.za Archived October 17, 1997, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Sethi, Sunil (January 22, 2014). "Sanjay Gandhi dies in a dramatic plane crash, his passing to leave a political vacuum". indiatoday. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  27. ^ "Cern Authentication". ref.web.CERN.ch. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  28. ^ The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1996. p. 219.
  29. ^ Modern Italy: The difficult democracy. Electa. 1985. p. 92. ISBN 9788843509157.
  30. ^ Michael R. Hall (2012). Historical Dictionary of Haiti. Scarecrow Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8108-7810-5.
  31. ^ Air University Review. Department of the Air Force. 1982. p. 59.
  32. ^ World Review. University of Queensland Press. 1983. p. 35.
  33. ^ The World Today. Oxford University Press. 1983. p. 30.
  34. ^ Bradley N. Fultz (2013). Finding a Measured Response to Iran's Activities. Middle East Studies at the Marine Corps University. p. 6.
  35. ^ Robin Corbett (1986). Guerrilla Warfare: From 1939 to the Present Day. Orbis. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-85613-469-2.
  36. ^ Eneida B. Guernica (2003). The Cuban Children in Exile and Their Families: In and Out of Cuba--. IKE Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-9675885-1-3.
  37. ^ Robert Breyer; Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. MacMillan Technical Pub. p. 559. ISBN 978-1-57870-073-8.
  38. ^ "Black Country History". BlackCountryHistory.org. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  39. ^ Kim, Nam-Sik (Spring–Summer 1982). "North Korea's Power Structure and Foreign Relations: an Analysis of the Sixth Congress of the KWP*". The Journal of East Asian Affairs. 2 (1). Institute for National Security Strategy: 125–151. JSTOR 23253510.
  40. ^ Lee, Chong-sik (May 1982). "Evolution of the Korean Workers' Party and the Rise of Kim Chŏng-il". Asian Survey. 22 (5). University of California Press: 434–448. doi:10.2307/2643871. JSTOR 2643871.
  41. ^ Larry Shenk; Larry Andersen (April 1, 2016). Fightin' Phillies: 100 Years of Philadelphia Baseball from the Whiz Kids to the Misfits. Triumph Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-63319-471-7.
  42. ^ Alan Lawrance (September 11, 2002). China Under Communism. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-134-74792-4.
  43. ^ Fire and the Environment: Ecological and Cultural Perspectives : Proceedings of an International Symposium, Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20-24, 1990. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1991. p. 237.
  44. ^ Annali di geofisica. Istituto nazionale di geofisica. 2007. p. 61.
  45. ^ American Foreign Policy Current Documents. Department of State. 1982. p. 1366.
  46. ^ Wadler, Joyce; Sager, Mike (December 10, 1980). "'I Just Shot John Lennon', He Said Coolly". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
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